中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
人工智能如何做到可信、可用?专家热议:把责任归结到个人******
中新网北京12月11日电 人工智能治理的理想状态,是人工智能技术能做到可知、可信、可控、可用。而在现实中,人工智能技术手段虽然非常强大,但是离完美、完善仍有相当的距离。从技术角度和技术应用角度,人工智能的发展如何做到扬长避短?
近日,在2022人工智能合作与治理国际论坛上,专家围绕该话题进行了讨论。
中国工程院院士、鹏城实验室主任高文认为,现阶段很多技术还处于发展的过程中,如果过早地说这个不能用、那个不能用,可能会抑制技术本身的发展。但反过来,如果什么都不管,也不行。
“因此,现在更多还是从道德层面多进行引导。同时,做技术的人,也要尽量把一些可能的风险、抑制工具,即约束风险的工具,尽快想明白。自己也做,同时号召大家做,两者结合。”他说。
清华大学智能产业研究院国强教授、首席研究员聂再清认为,我们要保证能够创新,但同时不能让创新对我们的生活产生破坏性的影响,最好的办法就是把责任归结到个人。
“技术的背后是有人在控制的。这个人应该时刻保证工具或创新在危险可控的范围内。同时,社会也要进行集体的监督,发布某个产品或技术,要能够召回、撤销。在创新和监管之间,当然是需要平衡的,但归根结底,还是要把责任落实到个人身上。”他指出。
瑞莱智慧RealAI公司联合创始人、首席执行官田天补充道,在技术可解释性方面,需要去进行技术发展与相应应用场景的深度结合。大家需要一个更加可解释的AI模型,或者更加可解释的AI应用。
“但我们真正想落地的时候,会发现每个人想要的可解释性完全不一样。比如:模型层面的可解释,可能从研发人员角度觉得已经很好了,但是从用户的角度是看不懂的,这需要一些案例级的解释,甚至通过替代模型等方式进行解释。因此,在不同领域,需要不同的可解释能力,以及不同的可解释级别,这样才能让技术在应用场景发挥最好的作用。”他说。
将伦理准则嵌入到人工智能产品与系统研发设计中,现在是不是时候?
高文认为,人工智能软件、系统应该有召回的功能。如果社会或伦理委员会发现这样做不对,可能带来危害,要么召回,要么撤销。
高文说,应用的开发者,系统提交或者最终用户让他去调整的时候,他应该有责任。如果开发者发现已经踩线了,应该给他一个保护机制,他可以拒绝后面的支持和维护,甚至可以起诉。“不能只说哪一方不行,光说是开发者的责任,他可能觉得冤枉,因为他只提供工具,但有时候是有责任的,只是说责任怎么界定。”
“在人工智能的发展过程中,一方面要建立一些红线。”田天建议,比如,对于人工智能的直接滥用,造假、个人隐私泄露,甚至关联到国家安全、生命安全的,这些领域一定要建立相关红线,相应的惩罚规定一定要非常清晰,这是保证人工智能不触犯人类利益的基本保障。
“在这个基础上,对于处于模糊地带的,希望能留有更多空间。不光是从限制角度,也可以从鼓励更加重视伦理的角度,促进合规地发展。”田天称。
2022人工智能合作与治理国际论坛由清华大学主办,清华大学人工智能国际治理研究院(I-AIIG)承办,中国新闻网作为战略合作伙伴,联合国开发计划署(UNDP)、联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)等国际组织、国内外学术机构支持。(中新财经)
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |